The Problem
The Insight
The Sources
The System
Signal
Case Study · AI Systems · HS-CS-005

Exploration Graph.

A knowledge graph of the American West — built to find what every map and guidebook leaves out. This is the case study of building it.

Domain
Knowledge Graph
Region
Emery County, UT
Year
2026
Status
In Progress
FIG. 01 — The Problem

Thirty years in, still scratching the surface.

I've been exploring the San Rafael Swell for thirty years. Long enough to learn the one rule that actually works: pick one new place each trip. Anything more is a gamble — a long drive that doesn't pan out, a day you don't get back.

The guidebooks don't help you choose. Each one is good on its own — none of them talk to each other. And after thirty years, I've learned the harder thing: I haven't even scratched the surface. There's far more to explore than any single book can point me to.

Every labelled point is a place this case study names. Behind them, roughly 4,900 more known places fill the same county — and this is one county.

Emery County, Utah · public features only
FIG. 02 — The Insight

The answer was never in one book.

The Green River at dusk, a butte silhouetted against the sky in San Rafael country.
The country this is built on

Years of research paid off — just not the way I expected. I'd read across every genre I could find: geology books, ghost-town histories, rockhounding guides, off-road atlases, old outlaw stories. Each one knew something the others didn't. The places worth the trip were always where the books overlapped — a wash with an old mine around the bend, outlaw history in the canyon above it, and agate on the ground if you knew to look.

For a couple of years I kept circling the same idea: the combination is the thing no book can give you, but a computer could. AI finally made it possible — stitch the open data together, let it find the overlaps for me. I wouldn't have started without the momentum from Open Brain — once I'd built one system that captured an idea and ran with it, this one stopped feeling out of reach. I captured the idea, then went looking for the data.

Geology Ghost towns Rockhounding Off-road Outlaw history
Five lenses on one place — the overlap is the find
FIG. 03 — The Sources

Where the recommendations come from.

Everything in the graph comes from public, authoritative data — the kind of sources geologists and land managers actually use. No scraped blogs, no guesswork. If the system says a canyon has a uranium mine and Morrison Formation outcrops, it's because the USGS and the Utah Geological Survey say so.

SourceTypeContributes
In the graph today
GNIS
USGS
Survey data Place names
Land ownership
State of Utah · SGID
Official records Land manager
UMOS
Utah Geological Survey
Survey data Minerals
Mining districts
Utah Geological Survey
Survey data Districts
Geologic maps
Utah Geological Survey
Survey data Bedrock
Mining claims · MLRS
Bureau of Land Management
Official records Active claims
Historic newspapers
Library of Congress · U of U
Historical record History
Recreation data
Recreation.gov · State Parks
Official records Recreation
On the roadmap
Roads & trails
OpenStreetMap
Open data Travel routes
Elevation · 3DEP
USGS
Survey data Terrain & viewsheds
Hydrography · NHD
USGS
Survey data Springs & water
Fossil localities
Paleobiology Database
Survey data Fossils
Historic topo maps
USGS topoView
Historical record Vanished features

For a single Utah county, that's roughly 5,000 places, 3,300 active mining claims, and a century of newspaper text — and the same model runs anywhere in the West.

FIG. 04 — The System

The value is in the combination.

A pile of datasets isn't a discovery engine. The value isn't in any one layer — it's in how they combine. Each source becomes a layer the graph can reason across: what a place means, where it sits, what it's mentioned alongside, what was written about it a hundred years ago, and who manages the ground. Join any two, and you surface something a single search would miss.

Layers · Combinable
01
Meaning
02
Proximity
03
Co-mention
04
History
05
Land & geology

Three ways to ask.

The layers pay off as three queries — and every answer is grounded in real data, not a guess.

Places like this one
Ask
“Places like Mollys Castle?”
Returns
Blue Castle · Blue Castle Butte · Goblin Valley — the same sandstone-butte character, not the nearest dots.
What's worth the stop nearby
Ask
“What's near Buckhorn Wash?”
Returns
Buckhorn Mine (1.6 km) · Plymoth Rock Mine (2.4 km) · Lone Tree Group (5.3 km) — overlooked uranium workings, not just the scenery.
Follow the threads
Ask
“What connects to Buckhorn Mine?”
Returns
Uranium · Calf Mesa district · 4 newspaper mentions back to 1905 — three layers joined on one place.

Designed to withhold.

A solitary tall pictograph figure painted on a sandstone wall.
Barrier Canyon style · San Rafael region
Restraint by design

Some places shouldn't be easy to find. Rock art and fossil sites are protected by law — and by common sense. The system knows what's sensitive and withholds the coordinates, even from me. And because the history is pulled by AI, every extracted fact has to be grounded in the source text — if the model can't point to the words, the fact doesn't get in. One pass tried to add "Goblin Valley is a popular tourist destination" to a 1912 newspaper. It wasn't in the text. It didn't make it in.

Barrier Canyon style pictograph panel with multiple figures.
Barrier Canyon style · San Rafael Swell
Row of faded pictograph figures on swirled sandstone.
Pictograph panel · Emery County
Faded linear and zigzag rock art on a sandstone wall.
Rock art · San Rafael region
FIG. 05 — Signal

I built it for myself first.

It runs on my phone, out in the field — I can ask it what's worth the detour, and it answers from the same data I spent years reading by hand.

Ask

"What's interesting near Goblin Valley?"

Answer

Wild Horse Butte (1.3 km), Mollys Castle (2.1 km), Crack Canyon (2.2 km) — each with the geology, the district, and any historical mentions on file.

The rule hasn't changed — still one new place each trip. What changed is how I choose it. Thirty years in, I finally have something that points me past the places I already know, toward the ones I haven't found yet. That was the whole idea: you can know a place your whole life and still have so much left to explore.